Economic Wheel – Achievement
(Value) Indicator System of Regional Economy
The Unification
of GDP Concept
经济之轮
–区域经济成果（价值）性指标体系
GDP 概念的统一
1.
Introduction
The process of developing the economy is process of creating value, that
is, the results of our social work; the concept of achievement is measured with
value in economics. The concept of value is, of course, a basic concept in
economics, and the creation of value always corresponds to the contribution of
materials and labors. I clarified the
concept of cost in my previous paper;
cost is the sum of values of materials and labors we contributed for making a product
or providing a service [1].
Here the concept of value to be clarified refers to the value of the product
manufactured or the service provided. On the basis of clarifying the concept of
value at all levels, I propose a more comprehensive Beizhan value theory of regional economy, and propose Beizhan regional economic achievement
(value) indicator system. The highest measure of value is the gross
domestic product (GDP) we often speak about. At present, the concept of
traditional GDP has a variety of definitions and calculation methods, in this
article I will unify the concept and calculation of traditional GDP, and
classify GDP to Traditional GDP, Marketized GDP and Green GDP [2] based on the concept of marketized
production value and environmental cost. Green GDP is a concept that other
scholars have already introduced. Marketized
GDP is a concept firstly presented in this paper.
2.
Existing Concepts
2.1.
Traditional GDP [3]
“Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the market value of all final
products and services produced by a permanent resident of a country or region
over a period of time. GDP is a core indicator of national economic accounting,
and also is an important indicator to measure a country’s overall economic
status.”
2.2.
Green GDP [2]
Green GDP is the abbreviation of “green economy GDP, which subtracts natural
resource consumption value and the value of environmental pollution loss from
GDP. It is called as sustainable development gross domestic product.”
2.3.
Value [4]
“Value is the indiscriminate human labor or abstract human labor that
condenses in the commodity. It is one factor that makes up the commodity, and
is a special category of commodity economy.”
3.
Beizhan Regional Economic Value Theory
Beizhan regional economic value theory is a theory to
unify the product value, production value, and gross domestic product (GDP).
This theory covers almost all aspects of regional economic value. This theory
also unifies the concept and calculation of gross national product. These concepts and related ratios
constitute Beizhan regional economic achievement (value) indicator system.
3.1.
Beizhan regional economic achievement (value) indicator system
3.1.1.
Concept Definition [3]
3.1.1.1.
Product value
Product value refers to the sum of the new value created by an enterprise and the
production costs paid out in producing a product or providing a service in a
given period of time (for example, one year).
3.1.1.2.
Single product value
Single product value is the average value of the product values created by an enterprise in
producing a product or providing a service divided by the quantity of the
product or the service in a given period of time (for example, one year). Quantified value of a single product
equals to its price.
3.1.1.3.
Production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Production value refers to the sum of product values of all products manufactured by or all
services provided by an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a
given period of time (for example, one year). Quantified production value equals to the sum of monetized inventory volume and sales volume.
3.1.1.4.
Marketized production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Marketized production
value refers to the sum of the sold part of the product values
of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a given statistical
period of time (such as: one year). Quantified
marketized production value equals to the sales volume.
3.1.1.5.
Green production value (enterprise, industry, economic region) [5]
Green production value refers to the balance value of the production value of an enterprise, an
industry, or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as:
one year) after comparing its total
regional environmental economic cost.
3.1.1.6.
Added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Added production value refers to the balance value of the production value of an enterprise, an
industry, or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as:
one year) after comparing its production cost. Quantified added production value equals to projected sales profit.
3.1.1.7.
Marketized added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Marketized added
production value refers to the balance value of the
marketized production value of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region
in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year) after comparing its
production cost. Quantified marketized
added production value equals to sales profit.
3.1.1.8.
Green added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Green added production
value refers to the balance value of the green production value
of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a given statistical
period of time (such as: one year) after comparing its production cost.
3.1.2.
Ratio
3.1.2.1.
Added production value ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Added production value
ratio refers to the ratio between the added production value to
the production value of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a
given statistical period of time (such as: one year). The quantified added production value ratio equals to the projected
profit ratio (margin).
3.1.2.2.
Marketized production value ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Marketized production
value ratio refers to the ratio between the marketized production
value to the production value of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic
region in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year). The quantified marketized production value
ratio equals to the market transformation rate (sales ratio).
3.1.2.3.
Green production value ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Green production value
ratio is the ratio between the green production value to the
production value of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a
given statistical period of time (such as: one year). Green production value ratio can also be called as purity degree of
production value.
3.1.3.
Calculation
3.1.3.1.
Product
3.1.3.1.1. Product Value
Product
value = production cost required for a particular enterprise
to produce a product or to provide a service in a given statistical period of
time (such as: one year)
+ added value (the new value created)
3.1.3.1.2. Single product value
Single product value = Total product values created by a particular enterprise by producing a
product or by providing a service in a given statistical period of time (such
as: one year) / the total amount of this product produced by or the total
amount of this service provided by this enterprise
3.1.3.2. Enterprise
3.1.3.2.1. Enterprise production
value
Enterprise production
value
= Σ product value
of a certain product produced by or a certain service provided by a particular
enterprise in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year)
3.1.3.2.2. Enterprise marketized
production value
Enterprise marketized
production value
= Σ product value of a certain sold product produced by or a certain sold service provided
by a particular enterprise in a given statistical period of time (such as: one
year)
3.1.3.2.3. Enterprise green
production value
Enterprise green
production value = enterprise production value of a particular enterprise in a given statistical period of time (such as:
one year) – its total regional
environmental economic cost
3.1.3.3.
Regional industry
3.1.3.3.1.
Production value of regional industry
Regional industry
production value = Σ production value of a certain enterprise in a given statistical
period of time (such as: one year)
3.1.3.3.2.
Marketized production value of regional industry
Marketized
production value of regional industry = Σ marketized production value of a
certain enterprise in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year)
3.1.3.3.3.
Green production value of regional industry
Green
production value of regional industry = Σ green production value of a certain
enterprise in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year)
(The regional property of production value of a certain
enterprise shall be decided by its accounting standard.)
3.1.3.4. Regional economy
3.1.3.4.1.
Production value of regional economy
Production value of
regional economy = Σ production value of a certain industry in a given statistical
period of time (such as: one year)
3.1.3.4.2.
Marketized production value of regional economy
Marketized production
value of regional economy = Σ marketized production value of a certain industry in a given
statistical period of time (such as: one year)
3.1.3.4.3.
Green production value of regional economy
Green production value of
regional economy = Σ in a statistical period of time (for example: one year), the
region within a sector of the industry green production value
3.1.3.5. Macroeconomics
3.1.3.5.1.
Macroeconomic production value
Macroeconomic production
value = the corresponding regional
economic production value
3.1.3.5.2.
Macroeconomic marketized production value
Macroeconomic marketized
production value = the corresponding regional economic marketized production
value
3.1.3.5.3.
Macroeconomic green production value
Macroeconomic
green production value = the corresponding regional economic green production value
3.1.3.6.
Added value
3.1.3.6.1.
Added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Added production value = the production value of an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region
in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year) - its production cost
3.1.3.6.2.
Marketized added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Marketized added
production value = the marketized production value of
an enterprise, an industry, or an economic region in a given statistical period
of time (such as: one year) - its production cost
3.1.3.6.3.
Green added production value (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Green added production
value = the green production value of an enterprise, an
industry, or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as:
one year) - its production cost.
3.1.3.7.
Ratio
3.1.3.7.1. Added production value
ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Added production value
ratio = added production value of an enterprise, an industry,
or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year)
/ its production value
3.1.3.7.2. Marketized production
value ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Marketized production
value ratio = marketized production value of an enterprise, an
industry, or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as:
one year) / its production value
3.1.3.7.3. Green production value
ratio (enterprise, industry, economic region)
Green production value
ratio = green production value of an enterprise, an industry,
or an economic region in a given statistical period of time (such as: one year)
/ its production value
3.2.
The GDP concept
The GDP concept equals to
the above-mentioned macroeconomic production value concept. At present, the definitions of GDP and the calculation algorithms have
three or more. GDP is an economic index to reflect the value created by the
people in a country or an economic space in their economic activities; it is
mostly used at the country level. For the measurement of the value created by
the people of a country, there should be only one calculation algorithm, or a
variation of an algorithm, and shall not be a variety of different calculation
algorithms. Otherwise it will lose its comparability as economic indicator.
Based on this reasoning, I will give the following unified descriptions on the
concept of GDP, calculation algorithm and classification:
3.2.1.
Unification of definition
GDP (gross national
product) refers to the
regional economic production value of a region.
3.2.2.
Unification of calculation
GDP = the corresponding regional
economic production value = Σ
production value of a certain industry in a given statistical period of time
(such as: one year)
3.2.3. Classification of GDP
3.2.3.1. Traditional GDP
Traditional GDP = the corresponding regional
economic production value
3.2.3.2. Marketized GDP
Marketized GDP = the corresponding regional
economic marketized production value
3.2.3.3. Green GDP
Green GDP = the corresponding regional
economic green production value
4.
The Significance of Beizhan Regional Economic Value Theory
Beizhan Regional Economic
Value Theory comprehensively defined the concepts of value in
economic life, not only including production value, but also including
marketized production value; including the concept of green production value
either. On the basis of such clear concepts, this paper also unified these
concepts into Beizhan regional economic
achievement (value) indicator system. This
paper also unified the concepts and calculation algorithms of GDP (gross
national product) and green GDP, and included it in the above system. This
paper also points out the irrationality of various calculation algorithms and
definitions of GDP. This paper also presents a series of ratios for comparing
different value components. And the
concept of marketized production value is proposed here for the first time,
this concept can be used to have a better understanding of realization degree
of the value created by the people of a country, which is the effectiveness of production value. This indicator system
provides a unified and more accurate theoretical tool for the different level
economic management departments to effectively control economy.
1.
前言
发展经济的过程就是创造价值的过程，也就是我们付出社会劳动后的成果，成果的概念在经济学中是用价值来衡量的。价值的概念当然也是经济学中的基本概念，价值的创造总是和物质和劳动的付出相对应的。在前一篇论文中，我明确了成本的概念，成本就是我们制造某一种产品或提供某一种服务所要付出的物质和劳动的价值的总和[1]。这里要明确的价值的概念指的是所制造的产品或所提供的服务的价值。在明确了各个层次的价值的概念基础上，我在此提出较为全面的备战区域经济价值理论，并同时推出区域经济成果（价值）性指标体系。价值的最高量度就是我们常讲的国民生产总值（GDP）。目前，传统GDP 的概念有多种定义和计算方式，我在本文中将传统GDP的概念和计算统一起来，并依据市场化生产价值和环境成本的概念将GDP分类为传统GDP,市场化GDP和绿色GDP[2]。其中绿色GDP是其他学者所早已推出的概念，市场化GDP是本文首次提出的概念。
2. 现有的概念
2.1.
传统GDP [3]
“国内生产总值（GDP=Gross Domestic Product）是指一个国家或者地区所有常驻单位在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值。GDP是国民经济核算的核心指标，也是衡量一个国家的总体经济状况重要指标。”
2.2.
绿色GDP [2]
绿色GDP是 “绿色经济GDP的简称。从GDP中扣除自然资源耗减价值与环境污染损失价值后剩余的国内生产总值。称可持续发展国内生产总值。”
2.3.
价值[4]
“价值是凝结在商品中的无差别的人类劳动或抽象的人类劳动。它是构成商品的因素之一，是商品经济特有的范畴。”
3. 备战区域经济价值理论
备战区域经济价值理论是将产品价值，生产价值，国民生产总值（GDP）统一在一起的理论。这一理论几乎涵盖了区域经济价值的所有方面。这一理论还统一了国民生产总值的概念和计算方法。这些概念及相关的比率构成了备战区域经济成果（价值）性指标体系。
3.1.
备战区域经济成果（价值）性指标体系
3.1.1.
概念的定义
3.1.1.1.产品价值
产品价值是指是在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业制造某一个产品或提供某一项服务所创造的新的价值及所付出的生产成本的总和。
3.1.1.2.单一产品价值
单一产品价值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业制造某一个产品或提供某一项服务的所创造的产品价值与所创造的该产品或服务的数量的平均值。量化的单一产品价值等于其价格。
3.1.1.3.生产价值（企业，行业，经济区域）
生产价值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域所制造的所有产品或所提供的所有服务的产品价值的总和。量化的生产价值等于货币化库存量和销售额的总和。
3.1.1.4.市场化生产价值 （企业，行业，经济区域）
市场化生产价值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值在市场中被售出的那一部分。量化的市场化生产价值等于销售额。
3.1.1.5.绿色生产价值（企业，行业，经济区域）[5]
绿色生产价值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值扣除相应的环境经济代价总量的余值。
3.1.1.6.生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。量化的生产价值增值等于预期利润。
3.1.1.7.市场化生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
市场化生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的市场化生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。量化的市场化生产价值增值等于销售利润。
3.1.1.8.绿色生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
绿色生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的绿色生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。
3.1.2.
比率
3.1.2.1.生产价值增值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
生产价值增值比率是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值增值同其生产价值的比率。量化的生产价值增值比率等于预期利润率。
3.1.2.2.市场化生产价值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
市场化生产价值比率是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的市场化生产价值同其生产价值的比率。量化的市场化生产价值比率等于市场转化率（销售率）。
3.1.2.3.绿色生产价值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
绿色生产价值比率是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的绿色生产价值同其生产价值的比率。绿色生产价值比率也可以称为生产价值纯度。
3.1.3.
计算
3.1.3.1.产品
3.1.3.1.1.
产品价值
产品价值 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业制造某一个产品或提供某一项服务所付出的生产成本 + 价值增值（所创造的新的价值）
3.1.3.1.2.
单一产品价值
单一产品价值 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业制造某一个产品或提供某一项服务的所创造的产品价值
/ 其所创造的该产品或服务的数量
3.1.3.2.企业
3.1.3.2.1.
企业生产价值
企业生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业所制造的某一个产品或所提供的某一项服务的产品价值
3.1.3.2.2.
企业市场化生产价值
企业市场化生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业售出的其所制造的某一个产品或所提供的某一项服务的产品价值
3.1.3.2.3.
企业绿色生产价值
企业绿色生产价值 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业的生产价值
– 其环境经济代价总量
3.1.3.3.区域行业
3.1.3.3.1.
区域行业生产价值
区域行业生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个企业的企业生产价值
3.1.3.3.2.
区域行业市场化生产价值
区域行业市场化生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个企业的企业市场化生产价值
3.1.3.3.3.
区域行业绿色生产价值
区域行业绿色生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个企业的企业绿色生产价值
(某一个企业的生产价值的区域属性由其会计标准决定)
3.1.3.4.区域经济
3.1.3.4.1.
区域经济生产价值
区域经济生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个行业的行业生产价值
3.1.3.4.2.
区域经济市场化生产价值
区域经济市场化生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个行业的行业市场化生产价值
3.1.3.4.3.
区域经济绿色生产价值
区域经济市场化生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个行业的行业绿色生产价值
3.1.3.5.宏观经济
3.1.3.5.1.
宏观经济生产价值
宏观经济生产价值 = 相应的区域经济生产价值
3.1.3.5.2.
宏观经济市场化生产价值
宏观经济市场化生产价值 = 相应的区域经济市场化生产价值
3.1.3.5.3.
宏观经济绿色生产价值
宏观经济绿色生产价值 = 相应的区域经济绿色生产价值
3.1.3.6.增值
3.1.3.6.1.
生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。量化的生产价值增值等于预期利润。
3.1.3.6.2.
市场化生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
市场化生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的市场化生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。量化的市场化生产价值增值等于销售利润。
3.1.3.6.3.
绿色生产价值增值（企业，行业，经济区域）
绿色生产价值增值是指在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的绿色生产价值同其生产成本相比较后的余值。
3.1.3.7.比率
3.1.3.7.1.
生产价值增值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
生产价值增值比率 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的生产价值增值 / 其生产价值
3.1.3.7.2.
市场化生产价值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
市场化生产价值比率 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的市场化生产价值
/ 其生产价值
3.1.3.7.3.
绿色生产价值比率（企业，行业，经济区域）
绿色生产价值比率 = 在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业，行业或某一个经济区域的绿色生产价值
/ 其生产价值
3.2. GDP 的概念
GDP 的概念等同于上述宏观经济的生产价值的概念。目前，有关GDP 的定义及算法有三种或者更多。GDP
是反映一个国家或一个经济空间的国民在经济活动中所创造的价值的经济指标，多用于国家层面。对于国民创造的价值的度量，应当只有一种算法，或者是一种算法的变异，而不可以有不同的多种算法。否则就失去其经济指标的可比性。建立在GDP基础之上的绿色GDP也应如此。基于此推理，我在此将GDP的概念，计算方法及分类作如下的统一描述：
3.2.1.
定义的统一
GDP(国民生产总值) 是指某一个区域的区域经济生产价值。
3.2.2.
计算的统一
GDP = 相应的区域经济生产价值 = Σ在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），该区域内的某一个行业的行业生产价值
3.2.3.
GDP 的分类
3.2.3.1.传统GDP
传统GDP = 相应的区域经济生产价值
3.2.3.2.市场化GDP
市场化GDP = 相应的区域经济市场化生产价值
3.2.3.3.绿色GDP
绿色GDP = 相应的区域经济绿色生产价值
4.
备战区域经济价值理论的意义
备战区域经济价值理论全面地定义了经济生活中有关价值的概念，既包括生产价值，也包括市场化生产价值，还包括绿色生产价值的概念。在这些清晰概念的基础上，本文还将这些概念统一为备战区域经济成果（价值）性指标体系。本文还统一了GDP (国民生产总值)
以及绿色GDP 的概念及计算方法，并将其包含在上述体系之中。本文同时也指出了GDP多种算法和定义的不合理性。本文还提出了一系列的比率对不同的价值成分进行比较。而其中的市场化生产价值属于首次提出，这一概念可以用来更好地了解国民所创造的价值在市场中实现的程度，也就是生产价值的有效性。这一指标体系为不同层次的经济管理部门有效地掌控经济提供了统一的较为精确的理论工具。
[1]. Beizhan Liu (2017) << Cost Indicator System of Regional Economy >> in
<<Bird View 3>>(pp. 475 - 490)
[5].Beizhan Liu (2017) <<Economic Wheel – Beizhan
Economic Green Potential Energy Theory>> in <<Bird View 3>>
(pp. 274 - 308)
-- Beizhan Liu
[籍此加拿大劳动节之际公开此论文，以示纪念]
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