Economic Wheel – Economic Concentration Degree and Regional Economic Diversification Indicator System 经济之轮 – 经济集中度与区域经济多元化指标体系

Economic Wheel – Economic Concentration Degree and Regional Economic Diversification Indicator System

经济之轮 – 经济集中度与区域经济多元化指标体系

1.      Introduction

In economic work, we often talked about product diversification, market diversification. In the economy, all industries have to be developed simultaneously, so as to achieve the so-called "one flower alone is not spring, all flowers flourishing make a full spring garden" situation. The problems involved here can be theoreticized into product economic structure, market economic structure and industry economic structure in economics. This also belongs to regional economic balance property, which is the balance property of regional economic diversification. Based on this, here I proposed Beizhan regional economic diversification theory and indicator system. The diversification of the industries included here is just the industry balance property of the regional economy.

2.      Existing Concept

2.1.      Industry concentration

“Industry concentration degree (Concentration Ratio), also known as industry concentration ratio or market concentration ratio (market concentration rate), refers to the sum of the market shares of the largest N enterprises in a certain industry (production value, production volume, sales total, sales volume, total number of employees, asset total, etc..), it is the measurement indicator for the whole industry market structure concentration degree,  it is used for evaluating the difference of enterprise quantity and relative scale, it is an important quantitative indicator of the market forces.” ^[1]

2.2.      Hirschman index

“Hirschman index is based on the industry's total number of enterprises and the scale of distribution, which is the sum of the square of market share of the market contribution of all enterprises on the relative market.” ^[2]

2.3.      Entropy index

“Entropy index (simplified as E index) borrows the concept of entropy in information theory, with the meaning of the average amount of information; its definition is as the formula below:

        N

EI = ΣSi(log(1/Si)

       i=1

EI is the entropy index; Si is the market share of the i-th enterprise (sales total or added value, etc.); n is the total number of enterprises in the market. ” ^[3]

These existing indicators are not comprehensive enough, not simple enough, focusing and rationality are also questionable.

3.      Beizhan Regional Economic Diversification Theory

Beizhan regional economic diversification theory mainly refers to Beizhan regional economic diversification indicator system.

3.1.      Beizhan regional economic diversification property indicator system

3.1.1.      Definition

3.1.1.1.      Product

3.1.1.1.1.      Single product economic concentration degree (supply concentration degree)

Single product economic concentration degree refers to the ratio between the production value of a given product (including service product) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year) to the total production value of this enterprise. This is an indicator to describe the proportion of one kind product in the market supply of an enterprise, that is, the supply concentration degree of the product.

3.1.1.1.2.      Single product marketized concentration degree (sales concentration degree)

Single product marketized concentration degree refers to the ratio between the marketized production value of a given product (including service product) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year) to the total marketized production value of this enterprise. This is a marketized indicator to describe the proportion of one kind product in the market supply of an enterprise, that is, the sales concentration degree of the product.

3.1.1.1.3.      Single product single market concentration degree (sales ratio)

Single product single market concentration degree refers to the ratio between the sales total in a certain divided market space of a given product (including service product) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year) to the total sales of this enterprise. This is an indicator to describe the sales situation in a certain market space of an enterprise, that is, the sales ratio we often talked about.

3.1.1.1.4.      Single product market concentration degree

Single product market concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the single market concentration degree of a given product (including service product) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year) to the total sales of this product. This is an indicator to describe whether the sales of one kind product in an enterprise’s whole market space are averaging, that is, an indicator to evaluate the market diversification of a single product.

3.1.1.2.      Enterprise

3.1.1.2.1.      Enterprise product economic concentration degree

Enterprise product economic concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the single product economic concentration degree of all products (including service products) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an enterprise.

3.1.1.2.2.      Enterprise product marketized concentration degree

Enterprise product marketized concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the single product marketized concentration degree of all products (including service products) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is a marketized indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an enterprise.

3.1.1.2.3.      Enterprise market concentration degree

Enterprise market concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the market concentration degree of all products (including service products) provided by a certain enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the market diversification (market structure) of an enterprise.

3.1.1.3.      Industry

3.1.1.3.1.      Industry product economic concentration

Industry product economic concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the product economic concentration degree of all enterprises belonging to a certain industry in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an industry.

3.1.1.3.2.      Industry product marketized concentration degree

Industry product marketized concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the product marketized concentration degree of all enterprises belonging to a certain industry in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is a marketized indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an industry.

3.1.1.3.3.      Industry market concentration degree

Industry market concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the market concentration degree of all enterprises belonging to a certain industry in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the market diversification (market structure) of an industry. Here is a prerequisite: in the same level of calculation, the market division of all enterprises shall be the same.

3.1.1.3.4.      Single enterprise industry concentration degree

Single enterprise industry concentration degree refers to the ratio between the production value provided in the market of a given enterprise in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year) to the total production value of a certain industry. This is an indicator to describe the proportion of one enterprise in the market supply of a whole industry, that is, the supply concentration degree of this enterprise in the belonged industry (monopoly level)

3.1.1.3.5.      Industry concentration degree

Industry concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the industry concentration degree of all enterprises belonging to a certain industry in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the enterprise diversification (Enterprise structure and industry monopoly property) of an industry.

3.1.1.4.      Region

3.1.1.4.1.      Regional product economic concentration degree

Regional product economic concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the product economic concentration degree of all industries belonging to a certain economic region in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an economic region.

3.1.1.4.2.      Regional product marketized concentration degree

Regional product marketized concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the product marketized concentration degree of all industries belonging to a certain economic region in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is a marketized indicator to describe the product diversification (product structure) of an economic region.

3.1.1.4.3.      Regional market concentration degree

Regional market concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the market concentration degree of all industries belonging to a certain economic region in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the market diversification (market structure) of an economic region. Here is a prerequisite: in the same level of calculation, all market division shall be consistent.

3.1.1.4.4.      Regional industry concentration degree

Regional industry concentration degree refers to the weighted average value of the industry concentration degree of all industries belonging to a certain economic region in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year). This is an indicator to describe the enterprise diversification (Industry structure and economic monopoly property) of an economic region.

3.1.2.      Calculation

The following calculations refer to the calculations of specific measurement units in a given economic space (such as: country, province, city, region, county, etc.) within a certain statistical period of time (such as: one year).

3.1.2.1.      Products

3.1.2.1.1.      Single product economic concentration degree

Single product economic concentration degree = the production value of a certain product (including service product) / the total production value of this enterprise

3.1.2.1.2.      Single product marketized concentration degree

Single product marketized concentration degree = the marketized production value of a certain product (including service product) / total marketized production value of the enterprise

3.1.2.1.3.      Single product single market concentration degree

Single product single market concentration degree = sales total of a single product (including service product) in a certain divided market space / total sales of this product

3.1.2.1.4.      Single product market concentration degree

Single product market concentration degree = (Σ single market concentration degree of a single product (including service product) X sales total of this product in the certain divided market space) / total sales of this product

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of divided market space for the product)

3.1.2.2.      Enterprise

3.1.2.2.1.      Enterprise product economic concentration

             

Enterprise product economic concentration degree = (Σ single product economic concentration degree (including service product) X the production value of this product) / total production value of this enterprise

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of product categories of the enterprise)

3.1.2.2.2.      Enterprise product marketized concentration degree

              

Enterprise product marketized concentration degree = (Σ single product marketized concentration degree (including service product) X the production value of this product) / total marketized production value of this enterprise

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of product categories of the enterprise)

3.1.2.2.3.      Enterprise market concentration degree

Enterprise market concentration degree = (Σ single product market concentration degree (including service product) X sales total of this product) / total sales of this enterprise

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of product categories of the enterprise)

3.1.2.3.      Industry

3.1.2.3.1.      Industry product economic concentration degree

Industry product economic concentration degree = (Σ single enterprise economic concentration degree X the production value of this enterprise) / total production value of this industry

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of enterprises in this industry)

3.1.2.3.2.      Industry product marketized concentration degree

  

Industry product marketized concentration degree = (Σ single enterprise marketized concentration degree X the marketized production value of this enterprise) / total marketized production value of this industry

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of enterprises in this industry)

3.1.2.3.3.      Industry market concentration degree

Industry market concentration degree = (Σ single enterprise market concentration degree X sales total of this enterprise) / total sales of this industry

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of enterprises in this industry)

(Prerequisite: in the same level of calculation, the market division of all enterprises shall be the same.)

3.1.2.3.4.      Single enterprise industry concentration degree

Single enterprise industry concentration degree = the production value of a single enterprise / total production value of the industry

3.1.2.3.5.      Industry concentration

Industry concentration degree = (Σ industry concentration degree of a single enterprise X the production value of this enterprise) / total production value of this industry

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of enterprises in this industry)

3.1.2.4.      Region

3.1.2.4.1.      Regional product economic concentration degree

Regional product economic concentration degree = (Σ single industry economic concentration degree X the production value of this industry) / total production value of this region

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of industries in this region)

3.1.2.4.2.      Regional product marketized concentration degree

Regional product marketized concentration degree = (Σ single industry marketized concentration degree X the marketized production value of this industry) / total marketized production value of this region

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of industries in this region)

3.1.2.4.3.      Regional market concentration degree

Regional market concentration degree = (Σ single industry market concentration degree X sales total of this industry) / total sales of this region

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of industries in this region)

(Prerequisite: in the same level of calculation, all market division shall be consistent.)

3.1.2.4.4.      Regional industry concentration degree

Regional industry concentration degree = (Σ industry concentration degree of a single industry X the production value of this industry) / total production value of this region

(Scope of Σ: 1 – N; N: total number of industries in this region)

4.      Significance

Beizhan regional economic diversification theory has the following significances:

4.1.      Beizhan regional economic diversification theory explored the diversification property of regional economy more deeply and comprehensively, from the product diversification at the bottom, to the market diversification, to the enterprise diversification, and then to the industry diversification, established a set of  more complete regional economic diversification indicator system;

4.2.      Beizhan regional economic diversification theory is an effective tool to guide enterprises to develop a diversified product structure, to develop diversified markets; to guide region to develop diversification business, to avoid a simplification and monopoly;

4.3.      Beizhan regional economic diversification theory is an effective magic weapon to improve enterprise economic structure, industry economic structure and regional economic structure;

4.4.      Beizhan regional economic diversification theory unified the traditional macroeconomics and microeconomics again, verified the correctness of Beizhan school of thought again;

1.   前言

在经济工作中，我们也经常提到产品多元化，市场多元化。在经济上要百业并举，实现所谓的“一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园”的局面。这里所涉及的问题在经济学中就可以理论化为产品经济结构，市场经济结构和行业经济结构，这也属于经济均衡性，是经济多元化的均衡性。基于此，我提出备战区域经济多元化理论及指标体系。这里所包括的行业的多元化就是区域经济的行业均衡性。

2.   现有的概念

2.1.      行业集中度

“行业集中度(Concentration Ratio)又称行业集中率或市场集中度（Market Concentration Rate），是指某行业的相关市场内前N家最大的企业所占市场份额（产值、产量、销售额、销售量、职工人数、资产总额等）的总和，是对整个行业的市场结构集中程度的测量指标，用来衡量企业的数目和相对规模的差异，是市场势力的重要量化指标。”^[1]

2.2.      赫希曼指数

“赫希曼指数是指基于该行业中企业的总数和规模分布，即将相关市场上的所有企业

市场贡献的市场份额的平方后再相加的总和”^[2]

2.3.      熵指数

“熵指数（简称E指数）借用了信息理论中熵的概念，具有平均信息量的含义，其定义公式为：

        N

EI = ΣSi(log(1/Si)

       i=1

EI为熵指数；Si为第i企业的市场份额（销售额或增加值等）；n为该市场中的企业总数。” ^[3]

这些已有的指标都不够全面，也不够简单，针对性和合理性也值得商榷。

3.   备战区域经济多元化理论

备战区域经济多元化理论主要指的就是备战区域经济多元化指标体系。

3.1.      备战区域经济多元化指标体系

3.1.1.                     定义

3.1.1.1.产品

3.1.1.1.1.   单一产品经济集中度

单一产品经济集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的某一种产品（包括服务性产品）的生产价值同该企业总的生产价值的比率。这是描述一种产品在一个企业经营活动中所占比重的指标，也就是该产品的集中程度。

3.1.1.1.2.   单一产品市场化集中度（销售集中度）

单一产品市场化集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的某一种产品（包括服务性产品）的市场化生产价值同该企业总的市场化生产价值的比率。这是描述一种产品在一个企业经营活动中所占比重的市场化指标，也就是该产品的销售集中程度。

3.1.1.1.3.   单一产品单一市场集中度（销售率）

单一产品单一市场集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的某一种产品（包括服务性产品）在某一个划分的市场空间的销售额同该企业总的销售额的比值。这是描述一种产品在一个企业的某一个市场空间中的销售情况的指标，也就是常讲的销售率。

3.1.1.1.4.   单一产品市场集中度

 

单一产品市场集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的某一种产品（包括服务性产品）的市场集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一种产品在一个企业的全部市场空间中的销售是否是平均化的指标，也就是评估单一产品市场多元化的指标。

3.1.1.2.企业

3.1.1.2.1.   企业产品经济集中度

企业产品经济集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的所有产品（包括服务性产品）的单一产品经济集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个企业产品多元化（产品结构）的指标。

3.1.1.2.2.   企业产品市场化集中度

企业市场化集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的所有产品的市场化集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个企业产品多元化（产品结构）的市场化指标。

3.1.1.2.3.   企业市场集中度

企业市场集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的所有产品（包括服务性产品）的市场集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个企业的市场多元化（市场结构）的指标。

3.1.1.3.行业

3.1.1.3.1.   行业产品经济集中度

行业产品经济集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个行业所属的所有企业的产品经济集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个行业产品多元化（产品结构）的指标。

3.1.1.3.2.   行业产品市场化集中度

行业产品市场化集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个行业所属的所有企业的产品市场化集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个行业产品多元化（产品结构）的市场化指标。

3.1.1.3.3.   行业市场集中度

行业市场集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个行业所属的所有企业的市场集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个行业的市场多元化（市场结构）的指标。这里有一个前提条件，在相同级别的计算中，所有企业的市场划分是一致的。

3.1.1.3.4.   单一企业行业集中度

单一企业行业集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个企业在市场中所提供的生产价值总和同该行业总的生产价值的比率。这是描述一个企业的经济活动在某一行业中所占比重的指标，也就是该企业的在其所属行业的集中程度（垄断程度）。

3.1.1.3.5.   行业集中度

行业集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个行业所属的所有企业的行业集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个行业的企业多元化（企业结构与行业垄断性）的指标。

3.1.1.4.区域

3.1.1.4.1.   区域产品经济集中度

区域产品经济集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个经济区域所属的所有行业的产品经济集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个经济区域产品多元化（产品结构）的指标。

3.1.1.4.2.   区域产品市场化集中度

区域产品市场化集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个经济区域所属的所有行业的产品市场化集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个经济区域产品多元化（产品结构）的市场化指标。

3.1.1.4.3.   区域市场集中度

区域市场集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个经济区域所属的所有行业的市场集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个经济区域的市场多元化（市场结构）的指标。这里也有一个前提条件，在相同级别的计算中，所有的市场划分均应当是一致的。

3.1.1.4.4.   区域行业集中度

区域行业集中度是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），某一个区域行业所属的所有行业的行业集中度的加权平均值。这是描述一个经济区域的行业多元化（行业结构与经济垄断性）的指标。

3.1.2.                     计算

以下的概念及计算均是指在某一个指定的经济空间（例如：国家，省，市，地区，县，等）内，在某一个统计时间段内（例如：一年），对某一个测量单位的定义及计算。

3.1.2.1.产品

3.1.2.1.1.   单一产品经济集中度

单一产品经济集中度 = 单一产品（包括服务型产品）的生产价值/该企业总的生产价值

3.1.2.1.2.   单一产品市场化集中度

单一产品市场化集中度 = 单一产品（包括服务性产品）的市场化生产价值 / 该企业总的市场化生产价值

3.1.2.1.3.   单一产品单一市场集中度

单一产品单一市场集中度 = 单一产品（包括服务性产品）在某一个划分的市场空间的销售额 / 该产品总的销售额

3.1.2.1.4.   单一产品市场集中度

单一产品市场集中度 = (Σ单一产品（包括服务性产品）的单一市场集中度X该产品在该市场空间的销售额）/ 该产品总的销售额

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 产品市场空间划分总数)

3.1.2.2.企业

3.1.2.2.1.   企业产品经济集中度

企业产品经济集中度 = (Σ单一产品（包括服务性产品）的经济集中度X该产品的生产价值）/ 该企业总的生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 企业的产品类别总数)

3.1.2.2.2.   企业产品市场化集中度

企业产品市场化集中度 = (Σ单一产品（包括服务性产品）的市场化集中度X该产品的市场化生产价值）/ 该企业总的市场化生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 企业的产品类别总数)

3.1.2.2.3.   企业市场集中度

企业市场集中度 = (Σ单一产品（包括服务性产品）的市场集中度X该产品的销售额）/ 该企业总的销售额

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 企业的产品类别总数)

3.1.2.3.行业

3.1.2.3.1.   行业产品经济集中度

行业产品经济集中度 = (Σ单一企业的产品经济集中度X该企业的生产价值）/ 该行业总的生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该行业的企业总数)

3.1.2.3.2.   行业产品市场化集中度

行业产品市场化集中度 = (Σ单一企业的市场化集中度X该企业的市场化生产价值）/ 该行业总的市场化生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该行业的企业总数)

3.1.2.3.3.   行业市场集中度

行业市场集中度 = (Σ单一企业的市场集中度X该企业的销售额) / 该行业总的销售额

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该行业的企业总数)

(前提条件: 在相同级别的计算中，所有企业的市场划分是一致的。)

3.1.2.3.4.   单一企业行业集中度

单一企业行业集中度 = 单一企业的生产价值 / 该行业总的生产价值

3.1.2.3.5.   行业集中度

行业集中度 = (Σ单一企业的行业集中度X该企业的生产价值) / 该行业总的生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该行业的企业总数)

3.1.2.4.区域

3.1.2.4.1.   区域产品经济集中度

区域产品经济集中度 = (Σ单一行业的产品经济集中度X该行业的生产价值）/ 该区域总的生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该区域的行业总数)

3.1.2.4.2.   区域产品市场化集中度

区域产品市场化集中度 = (Σ单一行业的市场化集中度X该行业的市场化生产价值）/ 该区域总的市场化生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该区域的行业总数)

3.1.2.4.3.   区域市场集中度

区域市场集中度 = (Σ单一行业的市场集中度X该行业的销售额) / 该区域的总的销售额

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该区域的行业总数)

(前提条件: 在相同级别的计算中，所有企业的市场划分是一致的。)

3.1.2.4.4.   区域行业集中度

区域行业集中度 = (Σ单一行业的行业集中度X该行业的生产价值) / 该区域总的生产价值

(Σ的范围：1-N; N: 该区域的行业总数)

4.   意义

备战区域经济多元化理论具有如下的意义：

4.1.备战区域经济多元化理论较为深入和全面地探讨了区域经济的多元化特性，从最底层的产品多元化，到市场多元化，到企业多元化，再到行业多元化，建立了一套较为完全的区域经济多元化指标体系；

4.2.备战区域经济多元化理论是指导企业发展多元化产品结构，开发多元化市场，区域发展多元化经营，避免单一化和垄断化的有效工具；

4.3.备战区域经济多元化理论是完善企业经济结构，行业经济结构和区域经济结构的有效法宝；

4.4.备战区域经济多元化理论再次统一了传统宏观经济学和微观经济学，再次证明备战学派的正确性；

[1].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6 

[2].https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6

[3].http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E7%86%B5%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0

 -- Beizhan Liu