Economic
Wheel - Limited Economic Development Theory
The Development
of Marx’s Commodity Value Regular Pattern Theory
[经济之轮 - 有限经济发展理论]
马克思商品价值规律理论的发展
1 Introduction
Every year we always
talk about that national economy has grown how many percentage points; market
share has grown how many percentage points. Here I would like to raise a few
questions, can the national economy grow indefinitely? Will the market of
products and services expands indefinitely? What is the ultimate purpose of our
economic development? In fact, we are not pursuing the infinite growth, or
rapid growth, what we need is stable and effective growth. Then I would like to
advocate the limited economic development theory to answer these questions.
From the micro, we always say: Goods
have values, Goods have usefulness; people have something learned, people have some
talents to be used. But we always ignore one point, that is: make the best use of goods; make the best
use of people’s talents. The limited economic development theory will also
answer this question. The limited economic development theory is consistent
with on-demand economy and intensive
economy, which can provide more fundamental theoretical guidance for them to
some extent.
2. Definitions
Based on Beizhan Theory of Product Value Life Cycle, the limited
economic development theory is an economic theory which conducts in-depth
analysis of the realization and transfer of the value and use value of
commodities, the status and status change of property right and use right in
the whole process of manufacturing, circulation and regeneration of
commodities, and the relationships among different economic types they
generated. At the same time, Based on Beizhan Theory of Product Value Life
Cycle, limited economic development theory conducts quantitative analysis on bubble
economy, economic bubble capacity and the degree of economic bubble.
3. Content
3.1. Beizhan Theory of Product Value Life Cycle
3.1.1. Marx's Commodity Value Regular Pattern Theory
As we all know, Marx's
commodity value regular pattern theory mainly explains concepts of commodity
value, surplus value, and equivalence exchange principle. There is one
important point that when a commodity is purchased in the market, its value is
realized.
3.1.2. The Limitations of Marx's Commodity Value Regular
Pattern Theory
Marx's commodity value
regular pattern theory ends in the exchange of commodities, but the realization
of commodity’s use value is not discussed. This is its limitation.
3.1.3. Beizhan Theory of Product Value Life Cycle
On the basis of Marx's
commodity value regular pattern theory, Beizhan theory of product value life cycle
further analyzes the whole process of the realization of the commodity’s use
value after the realization of commodity’s value, and raises the following
points:
·
A
product’s value life cycle consists of two phases: one is the process of
product value realization (the completion of market exchange), the other is the
process of product use value to be fully realized;
·
The
degree of the realization of a product’s use value can be described with the
concept of saturation degree;
·
The use saturation degree
of a product is the degree of a product to be fully used at its full capacity. For example, there is
a commodity building with 100 units, if 80 units of it are used more than half in
a year, and 20 Units of it are completely unused, then the use saturation degree
of this commodity building is 80%. Of course, specific product can have different
calculation method;
·
When
a product is not market-exchanged, its use saturation degree is zero;
·
The
realization of a product’s use value can be in three statuses: saturated,
unsaturated, and supersaturated;
·
When
a product is fully used at it full capacity, its use value is fully realized;
·
When
a product is not in circulation, it is called as product, and when it enters
the market, it is called as a commodity (the concept of the product contains the
concept of commodity);
·
the
quantified value of a product's use value is the value of a product;
For the full
realization of the use value of a product, it can be summarized as follows:
·
Sharing
of product use value
Feature: the property right is not changed, the use right
is leased
Economic form: sharing
economy, leasing economy
·
Transmission
of product use value
Feature: the property
right is transferred, the use right is transferred,
Economic form: market
economy, investment economy, charitable economy
For the complete termination
of product use value, the following determination may be made:
·
Determination
of the end of product use value
Feature: the product use
value can not be transferred, can not be passed, the property right can be
transferred or recovered, and the product value can be transferred
Economy form:
Recycling Economy / Revitalizing Economy
3.2. The specific application of Beizhan product value
life cycle theory in the bubble economy
By using the concept
of product use saturation degree in Beizhan product value life cycle theory, it
is possible to analyze and study the bubble economy fundamentally.
3.2.1. Definition of the bubble economy
"Bubble economy,
refers to the macroeconomic situation which the asset value exceeds real
economy with the ability to easily lose the sustainable development. Bubble
economy is often supported by a large number of speculative activities, the
nature is greedy. As the lack of real economy support, so its asset is
generally easy to break up like a bubble, so it is economically known as the
'bubble economy'. "[1]
3.2.2. New definition of the bubble economy
The current definition
of the bubble economy is mainly from the financial and capital market point of
view to sum up this surface economic phenomenon. It did not involve the essence
of the bubble economy. The essence of
the bubble economy is that when a market turns from short-supply (seller's
market) to oversupply (the buyer's market), after a continuous period, the
withdrawal of buyers lead to the rapid return of key market product price (e.g.
real estate), and this effect rapidly expands to related industries, so that
the bubble economy burst. The market form here is closely related to the
concept of product use saturation degree. Therefore, defining the bubble
economy with the concept of product saturation degree is more fundamental. Here
I would like give the following definition:
In a given product
market, if the product's use saturation degree is consistently low (for
example, less than 60% ~ 70%) for a specific period (e.g. 1-2 years), meanwhile,
the product price is higher than its value. The market form of this product can
be defined as bubble market form. When a number of related product market
forms in an economy are bubble market forms, this economy can be defined as bubble
economy. Especially when a number of related product markets are closely
related with financial securities market, the economy can more be defined as bubble
economy.
Of course, here a lot
of research and analysis work are also needed, after all, this is a new theory.
Such as: products having not yet entered the market and products lacking
capital support to realize their values, and so on.
3.2.3. Macroeconomic bubble
The definition of macroeconomic
bubble degree is not isolated, is closely related with the industry economy bubble
degree, and the industry economy bubble degree is closely related with the
product bubble degree. Therefore, it is necessary to give the concepts of three
bubble degrees.
3.2.3.1. Single product bubble degree
A single product
bubble degree is the degree to which a product is not fully used at full
capacity, which is also a product’s use instauration degree, an antonym of
product use saturation degree.
3.2.3.2. The industry economy bubble degree
The bubble degree of
an industry economy is the average of the weighted sum of all the product
bubble degree in the industry.
3.2.3.3. The macroeconomic bubble degree
The macroeconomic
bubble degree is the average of the weighted sum of all industry economy bubble
degree.
3.2.4. Calculation of macroeconomic bubble degree
3.2.4.1. Calculation of the bubble degree of a single
product
Bubble degree of a
single product = 1 – the use saturation degree of the product
3.2.4.2. Calculation of industry bubble degree
Industry bubble degree
= Σ (product bubble degree X weight factor) / total number of products
3.2.4.3. Calculation of macroeconomic bubble degree
Macroeconomic bubble =
Σ (industry bubble degree X weight factor) / total number of products
3.2.5. Macroeconomic bubble volume
Macroeconomic bubble degree
is a relative value concept. Like many concepts in the industry, an absolute
value concept can also be given here, which is the amount of macroeconomic
bubble. Macroeconomic bubble definition is not isolated, is closely related
with the industry economy bubble volume, and the industry economy bubble volume
is closely related with the product bubble volume. Therefore, it is necessary
to give the concepts of three bubble volumes.
3.2.5.1. Single product bubble volume
The bubble volume of a
single product is the part of a product’s use value which is not being used at
full capacity.
3.2.5.2. Industry economy bubble volume
The bubble of an
industry is the sum of all the product bubble volume in the industry.
3.2.5.3. Macroeconomic bubble volume
The macroeconomic
bubble volume is the sum of bubble volumes in all industry sectors of the
national economy.
3.2.6. Calculation of macroeconomic bubble volume
3.2.6.1. Calculation of the bubble volume of a single
product
The bubble volume of a
single product = the part of the use value of a product which has not been
fully used at full capacity
3.2.6.2. Calculation of industry bubble volume
Industry bubble volume
= Σ product bubble volume
3.2.6.3. Calculation of macroeconomic bubble volume
Macroeconomic bubble volume
= Σ Industry bubble volume
3.2.7. Critical point of the bubble economy
According to the
theory I advocated here, there are always bubbles in macroeconomics and
industry economy. So, under what kind circumstances, the macroeconomic or industrial
economy can be called as bubble economy? Here we can set a critical point
accepted by everyone, when the macroeconomic or industrial economy bubble degree
is greater than this critical point, then the macroeconomics or the industrial economy
can be called as bubble economy. This critical point is the critical point of bubble
economy.
3.2.8. Other forms of bubble economy
It should be noted
that the above is the main form of the bubble economy, there are other forms of
bubble economy, and further analysis is needed, for example: useless
duplication of the logistics generated by the economy.
3.3. Application of Beizhan product value life cycle
theory
Beizhan product value
life cycle theory can be applied to all products and services which also
include human resources.
In planning the
transfer of product use value with the application of Beizhan product value
life cycle theory, the advantages of technology advance shall be considered;
social responsibility shall also be considered as a fundamental principle. Such
as: social employment, and so on.
4. Significance
·
Consolidate the
development of the national economy, remove economic bubbles, eliminate economic
crisis, and achieve stable economic development and healthy economic development
·
Improve the
utilization rate of goods; create an intensive economy, environmental
protection economy
·
Adjust the economic
structure and industry structure according to economic laws (for example: China
·
Realize the shared ownership
and shared social development according to economic laws
·
Realize the reasonable
convergence of economic wheels between national regions and between international
regions according to economic laws
·
Make the best use of
goods; make the best use of people’s talents according
to economic laws
5. The relationship with Beizhan school of thought
Limited economic development theory is not contradictory
with the theory of one macroeconomic theory of Beizhan school of thought. The
theory of limited economic development is also an independent branch of
macroeconomic theory. It focuses on the research, analysis and calculation of
the realization and transfer of the product use value and the impact on economy.
6. Summary
Beizhan theory of product value life cycle is the further
development of Marx's theory of commodity value regular pattern theory. It is
also an effective theoretical foundation for the realization of Datong
1.
引言
每年我们总是讲国民经济增长了多少个百分点，市场份额增长了多少个百分点。这里我想提出几个问题，国民经济可以无限增长吗？产品和服务的市场可以无限扩大吗？我们发展经济的最终目的又是什么呢？其实我们所追求的不是无限的增长，或快速的增长，我们需要的是稳定的和有效的增长。那么我要提出的有限经济发展理论就是要回答这些问题。从微观上，我们也总是讲：物有所值，物有所用，人有所学，人有所用。但我们也总是忽视了一点，那就是：物尽其用，人尽其才。有限经济发展理论也要回答这个问题。有限经济发展理论是和按需经济，集约型经济相一致的， 在某种程度上可以为它们提供更为基础的理论指导。
2.
定义
有限经济发展理论是以备战产品价值生命周期理论为基础，对在商品的制造，流通及再生的全过程中，商品的价值和使用价值的实现及转移，及其物权和使用权的状态及变化，以及他们所产生的不同经济类型间的关系进行深入分析的一个经济理论。有限经济发展理论同时以备战产品价值生命周期理论为基础，对泡沫经济，经济泡沫量及经济泡沫度进行量化研究分析。
3.
内容
3.1.
备战产品价值生命周期理论
3.1.1.
马克思商品价值规律理论
众所周知，马克思的商品价值规律理论主要阐明了商品的价值，剩余价值，等价交换等概念和原则。其中有一个重要的论述，就是当一个商品在市场中被购买后，其价值就得以实现。
3.1.2.
马克思商品价值规律理论的局限性
马克思的商品价值规律理论终结于商品的交换，对于商品使用价值的实现却未有论述。这就是其局限性。
3.1.3.
备战产品价值生命周期理论
备战产品价值生命周期理论在马克思的商品价值规律理论的基础上，进一步分析了商品价值实现后，商品使用价值实现的全过程，并提出如下论点：
·
一个产品的价值生命周期包括两个阶段：一个阶段是产品价值实现的过程（市场交换的完成），一个阶段是产品使用价值完全实现的过程；
·
一个产品的使用价值实现的程度可以用使用饱和度的概念来描述；
·
一个产品的使用饱和度就是一个产品在使用中被完全满负荷使用的程度，例如：一个有100个单元的商品楼，如果在一年内有80
个单元的使用都是超过半年的， 有20个单元都是完全没有使用的，那么， 这个商品楼的使用饱和度就是80%。 当然，具体的产品可以有不同的计算方式；
·
一个产品在未实现市场交换时，其使用饱和度为零；
·
一个产品的使用价值的实现可以有三种状态：饱和使用， 不饱和使用和过饱和使用；
·
当一个产品被完全满负荷使用时，其使用价值就被完全实现；
·
一个产品在未进入市场流通时，其被称为产品，在进入市场流通和交换时，其被称为商品 （产品的概念中包含有商品）；
·
一个产品的使用价值的量化值就是一个产品的价值；
对于产品使用价值完全实现的方式，可以总结如下：
·
产品使用价值的共享
特点：物权不变，使用权租赁
经济形态：共享经济，租赁经济
·
产品使用价值的传递
特点：物权转移，使用权转移，
经济形态：市场经济，投资经济，慈善经济
对于产品使用价值的完全终结，可以做如下的判定：
·
产品使用价值终结的确定
特点：使用价值不可转移， 不可传递，物权可以转移或回收，产品价值可以转移
经济形态：循环经济/重生经济
3.2.
备战产品价值生命周期理论在泡沫经济中的具体应用
利用备战产品价值生命周期理论中的产品使用饱和度的概念，可以很好的从根本上对泡沫经济进行分析和研究。
3.2.1.
泡沫经济的定义
“泡沫经济，指资产价值超越实体经济，极易丧失持续发展能力的宏观经济状态。泡沫经济经常由大量投机活动支撑，本质就是贪婪。由于缺乏实体经济的支撑，因此其资产犹如泡沫一般容易破裂，因此经济学上称之为‘泡沫经济’。”[1]
3.2.2.
泡沫经济的崭新定义
现有的泡沫经济的定义主要是从金融和资本市场的角度来总结这一表面化的经济现象的。并未涉及到泡沫经济产生的实质。泡沫经济产生的实质是在市场形态由求大于供（卖方市场）转为供大于求（买方市场）的情况下，在持续阶段后，由于买方的撤出，导致关键市场产品
（例如：房地产）的价格迅速回归，而这一影响又迅速扩大到相关的多个行业。从而使泡沫经济破裂。这里的市场形态是和产品的使用饱和度的概念紧密相关的。
因此，从产品使用饱和度的概念来定义泡沫经济将是更为基本的。这里我将给出如下的定义：
在某一个产品市场中，如果该产品的使用饱和度在某一个特定的时间段（例如：1-2年）持续保持较低的水平（例如：小于60%
~ 70%），同时，该产品的价格高于其价值较多。该产品的市场形态就可以定义为泡沫市场形态。当一个经济体中的多个相关的产品市场形态属于泡沫市场形态时，该经济就可以被定义为泡沫经济。尤其是在多个相关的产品市场同金融证券市场关系紧密的情况下，则该经济更可以被定义为泡沫经济。
当然，这里还需要很多的研究分析工作，毕竟这是一个新的理论。例如：尚未进入市场的产品以及缺乏资本支持以实现其价值的产品，等等。
3.2.3.
宏观经济泡沫度
宏观经济的泡沫度的定义不是孤立的，是同行业经济的泡沫度紧密相关的，而行业经济的泡沫度又是同产品的泡沫度紧密相关的。因此，有必要给出三个泡沫度的概念。
3.2.3.1.
单一产品的泡沫度
单一产品的泡沫度就是一个产品在使用中没有被完全满负荷使用的程度，也就是一个产品的使用不饱和度，它是一个产品使用饱和度的反义词。
3.2.3.2.
行业经济的泡沫度
某一个行业经济的泡沫度就是该行业所有的产品泡沫度的加权总和的平均值。
3.2.3.3.
宏观经济的泡沫度
宏观经济的泡沫度就是国民经济所有行业经济的泡沫度的加权总和的平均值。
3.2.4.
宏观经济泡沫度的计算
3.2.4.1.
单一产品的泡沫度的计算
单一产品的泡沫度 = 1 - 该产品的使用饱和度
3.2.4.2.
行业经济泡沫度的计算
行业经济泡沫度 = ∑（产品泡沫度X权重）/
产品总数
3.2.4.3.
宏观经济泡沫度的计算
宏观经济泡沫度 = ∑（行业经济泡沫度X权重）/
产品总数
3.2.5.
宏观经济泡沫量
宏观经济泡沫度是一个相对值的概念。同行业中的许多概念一样，这里还可以给出一个绝对值的概念，也就是宏观经济泡沫量。宏观经济的泡沫量的定义也不是孤立的，是同行业经济的泡沫量紧密相关的，而行业经济的泡沫量又是同产品的泡沫量紧密相关的。因此，有必要给出三个泡沫量的概念。
3.2.5.1.
单一产品的泡沫量
单一产品的泡沫量就是一个产品在使用中没有被完全满负荷使用的那一部分使用价值。
3.2.5.2.
行业经济的泡沫量
某一个行业经济的泡沫量就是该行业所有的产品泡沫量的总和。
3.2.5.3.
宏观经济的泡沫量
宏观经济的泡沫量就是国民经济所有行业经济的泡沫量的总和。
3.2.6.
宏观经济泡沫量的计算
3.2.6.1.
单一产品的泡沫量的计算
单一产品的泡沫量 = 该产品在使用中没有被完全满负荷使用的那一部分使用价值
3.2.6.2.
行业经济泡沫量的计算
行业经济泡沫量 = ∑ 产品泡沫量
3.2.6.3.
宏观经济泡沫量的计算
宏观经济泡沫量 = ∑ 行业经济泡沫量
3.2.7.
泡沫经济的临界点
按照我在这里所提出的理论，宏观经济和行业经济中的泡沫总是存在的。那么，在什么情况下，宏观经济或行业经济可以被称为泡沫经济呢？这里可以设置一个大家所接受的临界点，当宏观经济或行业经济的泡沫度大于该临界点时，此时的宏观经济或行业经济就可以被称为泡沫经济。这个临界点就是泡沫经济的泡沫度临界点。
3.2.8.
其他泡沫经济的形态
应当指出的是，以上所述的是泡沫经济形态的主要形式，泡沫经济形态还有其他的形式，还需进一步的分析研究，例如：无效的重复的物流所产生的经济。
3.3.
备战产品价值生命周期理论的应用
备战产品价值生命周期理论可以应用于所有的产品和服务，其中也包含人力资源。
在应用备战产品价值生命周期理论进行产品使用价值转移的规划时，技术先进性的优势要考虑，社会责任也应当作为一个基本的原则予以考虑。
例如：社会就业，等等。
4.
意义
·
夯实国民经济发展，去除经济泡沫，消除经济危机，实现经济的稳定发展和良性发展
·
提高商品的使用率，打造集约型经济，环保性经济
·
依具经济规律，调整经济结构，行业结构 ( 例如：中国的供给侧结构调整)
·
依据经济规律，实现共有，共享的社会发展
·
依据经济规律，实现国内地区间及国际间经济轮的合理衔接
·
依据经济规律，实现物尽其用，人尽其才
5.
与备战学派的关系
有限经济发展理论同备战学派的一个宏观经济理论的思想并无矛盾。有限经济发展理论也是宏观经济理论的一个独立分支学科，它主要针对商品使用价值的实现及转移及其对经济的影响进行研究，分析和计算。
6.
总结
备战产品价值生命周期理论是马克思商品价值规律理论的进一步发展，也是实现大同社会的有效的理论基础。有限经济发展理论是发展集约型经济，环保性经济的理论基础，同时也是研究泡沫经济的理论基础。这一理论将为全方位的监控经济泡沫，彻底消除经济危机提供有效的理论工具。这一理论将有力的指导我们实现共有，共享的社会发展，并在国际上实现国家的共同发展和平等发展。这一理论还将有力的促进环境保护事业的发展。
[1].http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E/132873?fr=aladdin
-- Beizhan Liu
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